Considering the impact of multi-factor coupling in the power market on power price forecasting, a power market price forecasting model based on long-short term memory (LSTM) neural network was established. The historical new energy output, power transmission, power load and other factors affecting the power supply and demand relationship were set as the boundary factors of LSTM learning parameters, and data preprocessing was carried out. The model parameters of LSTM neural network, including the number of layers, iteration times and learning rate, were optimized to generate a training model for electricity price forecasting, which was then used to forecast the electricity price curves for trading days. The correctness of the proposed method was verified through example simulation, a prediction scenario for electricity trading in a spot market province was constructed, and the evaluation indicators of power price forecasting accuracy were introduced. The results indicate that this method provides a reference for research on day-ahead clearing price prediction and offers market participants in the electricity market effective bidding strategies to achieve substantial marketing revenue.

Phase change materials (PCM) are effective materials for thermal energy storage with a wide range of application prospects. However, their inherent low thermal and electrical conductivity greatly hinder their practical application in the field of thermal energy storage. By compositing PCM with different energy conversion materials, efficient mutual conversion among various forms of energy and thermal energy has been achieved. The composite PCM plays a key role in solar photothermal/electrothermal conversion and storage. In the field of photothermal conversion, the compositing of high thermal conductivity photothermal conversion materials with PCM has optimized the thermal conductivity and effectively enhanced the heat storage capacity, photothermal conversion efficiency, and solar energy utilization efficiency. In the field of electrothermal conversion, the preparation of electrothermal composite phase change materials by introducing high electrical conductivity supporting materials has not only improved the electrothermal conversion efficiency but also enriched the utilization methods of electrical energy. A detailed review of the latest research progress on photothermal and electrothermal conversion materials was provided, and the materials were classified. Aiming to offer new insights for the advancement of energy storage technology, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of materials were analyzed, the mechanisms for improving thermal energy conversion efficiency were revealed, and future development directions and challenges were prospected.

To address the problems of insufficient accuracy and stability of the existing photovoltaic (PV) power prediction models, a PV power prediction model was proposed. This model was based on sky image data, the simple model of the atmospheric radiative transfer of sunshine (SMARTS), and the LK optical flow method. The SMARTS was used to calculate the clear sky irradiance and solar position information at a specified time, and the cloud motion vectors were obtained through the LK optical flow method. The cloud motion vectors were used to infer the shading situation of the cloud to the direct sunlight at future times. Then, the clear sky irradiance and the predicted solar shading situation were used to calculate the final power prediction result. The model was validated using the sky image dataset SKIPP'D. In a sunny environment, the proposed method was compared with the Bird model and the Ineichen model. In a cloudy environment, the proposed method was compared with the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model and the convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The effectiveness of this method in short-term PV power prediction has been verified. Results show that, the proposed method can accurately capture the effect of cloud changes on the PV power generation in a cloudy environment, the determination coefficient R² of the model is greater than 90%, and both the prediction accuracy and stability are significantly better than those of the control models.

Based on Aspen Plus software, a carbon capture system model of high-temperature Ca-based adsorbent was established, and simulation study was carried out for CO₂ capture process of flue gas in a 1 000 MW coal-fired unit. Aiming at the problems of high energy consumption and pollutants emission in energy supply of oxygen-enriched coal combustion in calciner, external electric heating energy supply was proposed to provide heat for calciner. The changes in key performance parameters after flue gas entering the carbon capture system were investigated in detail. On this basis, the conservation of energy and mass, as well as the effects of different operating parameters on system performance were analyzed. Results show that after the carbon capture system is added in the 1 000 MW coal-fired generating unit, the thermal efficiency of electricity generation will decrease by 26.11%. When the temperature of the carbonization furnace is maintained at 645 ℃, CO₂ capture efficiency will be 92.13%. CaCO₃ will be decomposed more thoroughly when the calcination furnace temperature is set at 900 ℃. The increase of temperature in carbonation furnace will reduce energy consumption of calcination and improve thermal efficiency of power generation, while the increase of calcination temperature will increase energy consumption and reduce thermal efficiency of power generation. The increase in calcium-carbon molar ratio leads to the increase of solid circulation in the calcium-based carbon capture system, while average carbon conversion of calcium-based adsorbents shows negative correlation.

To enhance the energy efficiency of the thermal energy storage system using superheated steam to heat molten salt, a coal-fired unit system configuration integrating the three-tank molten salt thermal energy storage system was proposed. The flexibility improvement potential of coal-fired power plant and the thermodynamic performance of the integrated system were analyzed under typical charging and discharging conditions. Results show that under the condition of 30% THA for the charging process, the maximum output power of coal-fired power plant can be reduced by 81.60 MW, accounting for 12.36% of the rated load, due to the limitation of the minimum steam flow rate through the low-pressure turbine. Under the condition of 50% THA for the discharging process, the maximum output power of coal-fired power plant can be increased to 52.45 MW, accounting for 7.95% of the rated load. The equivalent round-trip efficiency of the integrated system is influenced by the discharging condition. The maximum equivalent round-trip efficiency is 75.35% at the discharging condition of 50% THA, while the minimum equivalent round-trip efficiency is achieved at 59.43% at the discharging condition of 100% THA.

To address the difficulty of fault diagnosis in thermal power equipment with multi-parameter coupling and gradual changes, a fault early warning method based on least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression feature selection and bidirectional long-short term memory (BiLSTM) multivariate regression prediction was proposed. Taking a coal mill in a 1 000 MW power unit as the research subject, feature parameters such as mill current, outlet pressure, and inlet-outlet differential pressure were selected to represent blockage faults. LASSO regression was employed to select the feature variables, and a multivariate regression prediction model was established based on the BiLSTM algorithm. According to the variation mechanism of the feature parameters during mill blockage and the predicted values of the model, a mill blockage fault index was constructed. Finally, the warning threshold was determined using the kernel density estimation method, enabling mill blockage fault warnings. Actual data analysis shows that when the coal mill is operating normally, the average relative error of the BiLSTM multivariate regression prediction model is 1.13%. Compared with the traditional error back-propagation (BP) neural network and support vector regression (SVR) model, it has higher accuracy and the ability to predict the trend of parameter change. When the coal mill is operating abnormally, this method can detect operational abnormalities earlier than the multivariate state estimation technique (MSET) algorithm model, enabling early fault warning under variable operating conditions of the coal mill.

In order to verify the feasibility of blending a large proportion of ammonia in a coal-fired unit, a numerical simulation model was established using a 660 MW wall type tangentially-fired boiler as an example. The impact of ammonia blending ratio, ammonia injection location, and primary and secondary air distribution methods on combustion in the furnace was analyzed. Results show that blending ammonia in coal-fired boiler leads to a decrease in flue gas temperature and an increase in NO_x mass concentration in the furnace. The greater the ammonia blending ratio, the more significant the decrease in flue gas temperature and the increase in NO_x mass concentration. When the ammonia blending ratio increases to 40%, the average flue gas temperature in the furnace drops by approximately 50 K, and the outlet NO_x mass concentration increases by 29.4%. Measures such as blending ammonia in higher-level burners and increasing the primary air ratio can reduce the NO_x mass concentration at the furnace outlet while ensuring complete combustion of ammonia and coal.

To solve the problems of the high energy consumption of CO₂ regeneration and the superior difficulty of CO₂ utilization in the flue gas decarbonization system with traditional monoethanolamine (MEA) method, a novel ammonia decarbonization system for producing NH₄HCO₃ was proposed based on the water photovoltaic electrolysis for hydrogen production and Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process.This system utilized photovoltaic electrolysis of water to produce green hydrogen, which was further synthesized with N₂ to produce green ammonia (NH₃). The NH₃, in solution form, reacted with CO₂ in flue gas in an absorption tower to generate NH₄HCO₃. Simultaneously, the rich liquor (containing NH₄HCO₃) was cooled and separated to produce NH₄HCO₃, achieving the co-production of electricity, heat, and NH₄HCO₃ with low carbon emissions, and avoiding the challenges associated with large-scale storage and utilization of CO₂. Based on a 300 MW coal-fired unit, a simulation model of the system was established in Aspen Plus V11 software. Calculation and analysis results indicate that the system can remove 1.546 8 million tonnes of CO₂ annually from flue gas (with a decarbonization rate of 85%), and produce 2.792 million tonnes of NH₄HCO₃, 1.034 2 million tonnes of by-product O₂, and 4.731 4 million tonnes of hot water annually. It requires the configuration of a photovoltaic power unit with an installed capacity of 2 594 MW and an ammonia production system with an annual output of 620 500 tonnes. The equivalent cost of carbon dioxide removal is 233.96 yuan per tonne.

To meet the demand for flexible regulation performance of traditional thermal power units, a data-driven nonlinear environmental modeling method for supercritical combined heat and power (S-CHP) and a reinforcement learning control method based on double-delay deep deterministic strategy gradient (TD3) were proposed. Firstly, a data-driven nonlinear model environment was established based on the deep learning algorithm of multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and the dynamic characteristics of the S-CHP unit. Furthermore, based on deep reinforcement learning algorithms, an actor critic strategy value network and S-CHP specific state values and reward functions were designed to conform the dynamic characteristics of the S-CHP unit. A flexible control strategy of TD3 was proposed to achieve the control objectives of rapid response, ensuring heating supply and stable operation. Results show that compared with single-layer networks, the MLP model reduces the root mean square error by 51.7% at the rated power of 52%-93%. Compared with the traditional coordinated control method, the TD3 control strategy has better tracking effect and higher response rate.

A compressor performance prediction model was proposed for certain sCO₂ coal-fired cycle unit, and the compressor, turbine and boiler models were coupled with the cycle system. Results show that the characteristic sizes and capacity of the compressor follow the 0.5 power law. As the capacity and rated speed increase, the isentropic efficiency improves accordingly. Power consumption is reduced and efficiency is increased when the inlet parameters approach the critical point. When the inlet conditions are fixed, the isentropic efficiency shows a parabolic trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the rise of outlet pressure, with the peak corresponding to the optimal pressure ratio. When the shaft speed of the cycle unit is constant, the thermal efficiency shows a parabolic distribution with the increase of capacity, with the peak appearing at the 300 MW capacity point. If the shaft speed is optimized in coordination with the capacity, the thermal efficiency curve remains parabolic, but the peak shifts to the 600 MW capacity point, due to the weighing effects of turbine efficiency improvement and boiler pressure drop increase.

Taking a certain gas-fired heater as the research object, synergistic rules of NO_x and CO₂ production under different proportions of biomass gas co-firing were studied. Results show that compared with pure gas combustion, co-firing biomass gas can reduce furnace flame center, peak temperature of furnace flue gas and outlet flue gas temperature of the convection chamber. When the co-firing ratio is 10%, the volume fraction of carbon decreases by 25.3%, and the volume fraction of NO_x at the outlet is reduced by 67.1%. When the co-firing ratio exceeds 10%, the outlet NO_x production decreases slowly. When the co-firing ratio is 5%-10%, the CO₂ and NO_x production shows a positive synergistic trend, while when the co-firing ratio is within the range of 15% to 30%, the generation amounts of CO₂ and NO_x show a negative synergistic trend. Therefore, to synergistically reduce the generation amounts of CO₂ and NO_x, the optimal co-firing ratio is 10%. At this ratio, the furnace outlet volume fraction of CO₂ is the lowest(2.30%), and the volume fraction of NO_x emissions is 49.8×10^-6.

For the forecasting of ultra-short-term photovoltaic power, a hybrid prediction model based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), variational mode decomposition (VMD) and bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) was developed. The photovoltaic power generation signal was decomposed using CEEMDAN, and the decomposed signals were clustered and reconstructed using sample entropy and the K-means methods. Then, the VMD was applied for the secondary decomposition of complex signals to mitigate signal non-stationarity. The decomposed signal components were employed as inputs for training, validation and prediction in the BiGRU model. Subsequently, the predicted results from each signal component were linearly combined to obtain the final forecasting results. Results show that the hybrid model outperforms single models, confirming the effectiveness of the model. By comparing the forecasting performances under typical weather conditions and various evaluation metrics, the generality of the proposed method was validated.

Wave is a main contributor to the power fluctuations in floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), and therefore challenges the large-scale grid integration of FOWTs. To reduce the impact of waves on wind turbine power, a power control method for floating turbines based on wave interval estimation and prediction was proposed. Focusing on the rated power tracking control of the FOWT above the rated wind speed, a FOWT model with input time delay under large inertia and a wave disturbance model were established, a wave predictor based on wave interval estimation was designed, and then a composite time-delay control strategy was developed combining wave compensation and integral sliding mode control. The operation of a semi-submersible FOWT under the present control strategy was simulated using a FAST-Matlab/Simulink co-simulation environment and compared to the system response under traditional PI control. Results show that the proposed power control strategy can effectively compensate for the impact of wave disturbances on FOWTs, significantly reduce power output fluctuations, and provide a reference for the design of control systems for floating wind turbines.

Aiming at the problem of early fault diagnosis of rolling bearings, a fault diagnosis method of red-tailed hawk (RTH) algorithm optimization with feature mode decomposition (FMD) and 1.5-dimensional spectrum was studied. Firstly, through theoretical analysis, pulse energy factor index (PEFI) was designed and used as fitness function. Secondly, RTH algorithm combining with FMD was used to search the key parameters of the optimal decomposition in parallel. Then, the optimal signal component after decomposition was selected by PEFI, and the envelope demodulation was performed. Finally, the 1.5-dimensional spectrum of envelope signal was calculated, and the characteristic frequency information of bearing fault extracted was analyzed in the spectrum diagram to realize the accurate diagnosis of early weak bearing fault. The results of simulated fault experiments and engineering case analysis show that the proposed method can solve the problem of parameter self-adaptation, greatly reducing the impact of noise and other interfering components on diagnosis. It possesses good robustness and can effectively extract weak feature information from early bearing fault signals. It has important practical engineering reference value.

To meet the basic requirements of performance regulation for centrifugal compressors, the coupling effect between performance regulation and anti-surge control under different operation conditions of the compressor were deeply analyzed. A control strategy for decoupling the performance controller was proposed based on conditions such as the compressor's working point and load increase/decrease. Additionally, by adopting the quasi-nonlinear modeling method, the compressor system and control models were developed, which could be solved in real time on a unified platform. Model solving was conducted via a multidisciplinary simulation platform, yielding the compressor's dynamic characteristics under variable conditions and verifying the control effects of the performance control and decoupling strategy. Results show that the proposed method achieves performance control, realizing the design concept of prioritizing anti-surge valve closure during load increase and rotational speed reduction during load decrease, ensuring stable unit operation when the compressor runs under variable loads.

Most existing data-driven energy optimization and energy-saving diagnostic methods were based on offline global models for analysis. Complex and variable states of the units during actual operation could degrade the performance of these models. Regarding this issue, a method for economic efficiency diagnosis of the unit was proposed based on just-in-time learning (JITL) and condition matching. This method involved preprocessing historical operational data of the unit, selecting boundary parameters and relevant parameters related to the target parameter. The conditions were divided into different cells under various boundaries through grid partitioning and the samples with optimal performance were selected as the benchmark condition sample set, and the target condition database was established. Condition matching was conducted based on this database. If the matching was successful, the optimal performance value under the corresponding boundary was selected as the parameter benchmark. Otherwise, a JITL approach was employed, which extracted similar condition samples through similarity measurement, and established a local online model to output the predicted value as the benchmark for performance evaluation and control adjustment. Results show that benchmark values of plant electricity consumption rate for different operating conditions and optimization strategies for desulfurization electricity consumption rate can be obtained based on the proposed method, providing reliable guidance for unit operation optimization.

Hydrogen-blended gas turbines represent an innovative energy conversion technology integrating hydrogen with electricity. Developing a dynamic model for these turbines is crucial for understanding hydrogen blending characteristics and precisely adjusting control parameters. Based on mechanism modeling method, detailed component models for the compressor, combustion chamber (for hydrogen and natural gas mixtures), and turbine were established. Using transfer learning methods, models for hydrogen-blended combustion efficiency and other gas turbine component characteristics were developed, which were then integrated to form a thermodynamic dynamic model of hydrogen-blended gas turbines. The model's steady-state and dynamic validation was conducted using on-site operation and test data of a small F-class hydrogen-blended gas turbine. The results demonstrate that the constructed model is not only applicable for simulating gas turbines using hydrogen-blended natural gas fuel, but also for simulating load increase and decrease during dynamic hydrogen blending ratio adjustments. It can provide an accurate simulation model for research on hydrogen blending ratio control strategies for gas turbines.

In order to analyze the flow field, flame structure and emission patterns in the secondary zone of axial staged combustion of methane and ammonia fuels, a high-frequency particle image velocimetry (PIV)analysis and OH^*-based self-luminous techniques were used to investigate the secondary flow field structure, reburning flame morphology and pollutant emission characteristics of the premixed secondary burner with a jet angle of 135° at a momentum flux ratio of 6 using different types of fuels under atmospheric pressure conditions. Results show that when the jet angle is 135°, the secondary flow field will form a large low-speed recirculation zone downstream of the jet outlet, which is conducive to stable combustion of fuels with slower flame propagation speed. When methane mixed with ammonia is used as the secondary fuel, the position of the reburning flame shifts upstream, resulting in a longer high temperature chemical residence time. At the beginning of ammonia-doped combustion, when the ammonia-doped ratio increases, the jet flame transforms from a continuous flame to a disintegrated flame. The reaction zone of the ammonia jet flame is elongated, leaving a heavy sufficient reaction distance to reduce emissions. Therefore, the emission gradually decreases in the detached flame form.

Based on the operation mechanism of combined heat and power (CHP) system, focus product concept was introduced by combining multidisciplinary concerns with heat and power products generated by the system, and the focus products were aligned with E modules. By leveraging the relationship between product quality analysis and output evaluation, a comprehensive multi-E evaluation system was constructed, and a holistic multi-E analytical theoretical system was objectively established. Using the concepts of universal set and subset from set theory, evaluation indicators were treated as elements of a set, therefore the process of E module determination was transformed into the filtration process from the universal set to its subsets. Taking a typical CHP system as the example, combined with the multi-E theoretical system, the subset filtration processes of CHP system under various optimization objectives were analyzed. Results show that the constructed multi-E evaluation analysis method can provide valuable reference for similar research.

Characteristics such as intermittency and volatility of renewable energy pose challenges to grid scheduling. Liquid air energy storage system is one of the effective technical measures to solve this problem, not only in terms of large scale and long storage time, but also in terms of high energy storage density and not limited by geographical environment. Firstly, the principles of five classical air liquefaction cycle technologies were introduced, and the characteristics of different systems in terms of air liquefaction were analyzed. Secondly, the improved technologies of two air liquefaction cycles were analyzed, and comparisons were conducted on the advantages and shortcomings of different air liquefaction technologies in terms of liquefaction capacity and economy. It is concluded that Linde-Hampson cycle and Claude cycle should be adopted based on the comprehensive consideration of liquefaction rate, economic cost and safety. Finally, the problems of existing air liquefaction technologies in terms of liquefaction rate and cooling capacity gap have been analyzed, and the future development trend of air liquefaction technologies for liquid air energy storage systems has been discussed.

A T-shaped molten salt receiver was designed and modelled. A 3D numerical model of the reciver was established, coupling the boundary conditions of the beam-down concentrated solar radiation with molten salt flow, heat transfer, and solar energy absorption. The energy loss mechanisms of the receiver were revealed and the impacts of the molten salt's extinction coefficient, flow distribution, and filter mesh location on the internal temperature distribution of the receiver were analyzed via this approach. Results show that the outlet molten salt temperature reaches 560-570 ℃. The main energy losses are re-radiation loss, convection loss and optical reflection loss. The receiver with smaller extinction coefficient exhibits higher internal temperatures compared with receivers with larger extinction coefficient and shallow filter mesh, as the substantial heat absorbed by deep-layer molten salt cannot be rapidly discharged, leading to a heat accumulation inside the receiver.

A vortex generator was installed on a flat film experimental platform to generate streamwise vortices, and the effect of secondary flow in the blade end region on the film cooling effect of multi-row fan-shaped holes was studied. The adiabatic film cooling efficiencies of four row film holes were experimentally measured, and the influence of the film cooling efficiency of each row of holes was analyzed based on the Sellers formula. Results show that the air film coverage distorts along the motion path of the vortex due to the influence of the vortex direction, leading to a decrease in the cooling effect of the air film and the formation of hot spots at the core of the second row of vortices. The influence degree of vortices is related to the air film blowing ratio, and near wall vortices mainly reduce the air film cooling effect of the first two rows of holes. The cooling efficiency of the first row of holes significantly decreases, while the decrease value of the second row of holes is decreasing and the impact on the rear row of holes is gradually weakened. The air film after the third row of holes is basically not affected.

The occurrence modes of mercury in middlings from different origins were studied by using sequential chemical extraction, and the thermal stability of various occurrence forms was investigated by combining temperature programmed decomposition-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (TPD-AFS) technique. Results show that mercury in middlings mainly exists in the forms of exchangeable Hg, carbonate and oxide surface bound Hg, organic bound Hg, sulfide bound Hg, silicate bound Hg and residual Hg. In middlings, the dominant form of mercury is the sulfide bound Hg, accounting for 60.67%-62.93% of the total mercury content, there are two release peaks, mainly released at 150-400 ℃, and less at 400-600 ℃. The content of residual Hg accounts for 14.63% to 25.31%, mainly released within the temperature range of 150-300 ℃. The content of organic bound Hg accounts for 3.98% to 7.99%, mainly released within the temperature range of 400-600 ℃. The content of silicate bound state Hg ranges from 2.18% to 3.34%, and it is released after 600 ℃. The content in the exchangeable state Hg ranges from 1.01% to 3.20%, and it shows no obvious release during pyrolysis. The content in the surface bound state Hg of carbonate and oxide is the least, ranging from 0.46% to 1.33%, and it is mainly released within the temperature range of 180-340 ℃.

Coal gasification fine ash (CGFA) is the product of incomplete coal gasification, showing the characteristics of high emissions and difficulties of treatment,which leads to the issues of the environmental pollution and resource waste. In order to further promote the sustainable and high-value utilization of CGFA, CGFA was used as a carbon source to prepare activated carbon for electric double layer supercapacitors through low-temperature alkali fusion coupled KOH activation treatment. The physical and chemical properties and electrochemical properties of activated carbon samples at different KOH dosages were compared. Results show that, in the range of mass ratio of deashing carbon (RC) and KOH from 1∶1 to 1∶4, the disorder, specific surface area (S_BET), total pore volume (V_total), and mesopore occupancy (V_mes/V_total) of the activated carbon samples show a gradual enhancement trend with the increase of KOH dosage. The specific capacitance of the activated carbon sample increase with aforementioned parameters. When m(RC)∶m(KOH)=1∶4, the activated carbon sample exhibited an S_BET of 1 938.03 m²/g, V_total of 1.62 cm³/g, V_mes/V_total of 82.82 %, mass specific capacitance of 215.56 F/g (current density is 1 A/g), and a rate performance of 88.66% (current density is 1-20 A/g). The energy density of the assembled symmetric supercapacitor is 7.23 (W·h)/kg (corresponding to a power density of 300 W/kg), and its capacitance retention rate is 100.45% after 100 000 cycles.

In order to improve the status that the spherical harmonics method in the ANSYS-Fluent software is limited to its lowest order (P1) form for radiation heat transfer calculations, based on the basic principles of solving the radiative transfer equation using high-order spherical harmonics, by coupling the numerical solution of the governing equations and boundary conditions using the user-defined function (UDF) and user-defined scalar (UDS) interfaces provided in the ANSYS-Fluent software, a high-order spherical harmonics radiation transfer equation solution model suitable for the software was developed. The model accuracy was verified by calculating the radiative heat transfer in one-dimensional, two-dimensional flat plates, and two-dimensional axisymmetric flame, and comparing with the corresponding analytical or photon Monte Carlo (PMC) solutions. Results show that the P3 model developed in this paper is more accurate than the built-in P1 model of ANSYS-Fluent software in calculating both the angular distribution of radiation intensity and the overall radiative heat source.

In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of gear fault identification under variable speed conditions, an intelligent fault identification method of variable speed gear, namely INGO-CSA-LSTMN, was proposed based on improved northern goshawk optimization (INGO) algorithm to optimize convolutional self-attention long short-term memory network (CSA-LSTMN). In response to the problems that the traditional northern goshawk optimization algorithm taking too long training time and being easy to fall into local optimization, an INGO algorithm was proposed by introducing sinusoidal pulse modulated chaotic map and random Levy flight strategy, and it was applied to optimize the key parameters of the CSA-LSTMN model to improve the stability and training efficiency of the model. The validation through test functions demonstrates that the INGO algorithm has a faster convergence speed and can find the optimal solution more accurately. The analysis of gear datasets from two different experimental rigs reveals that compared to other commonly used network models, the INGO-CSA-LSTMN model has higher recognition accuracy for gear faults under different operating conditions, with the accuracy rates exceeding 99.9%.

To quantitatively explore axial thermal resistance distribution and radial heat transfer characteristics, experiments on axial heat transfer and steady-state radial heat transfer during startup process were conducted. Results show that the heating power has a significant impact on the axial equivalent heat transfer thermal resistance during the start-up process. As the power increases, the axial equivalent heat transfer thermal resistance first decreases and then tends to flatten out. Under low inclination angles, the axial equivalent thermal resistance significantly increases, and its impact is relatively small when the inclination angle is large. When the temperature is below 350 ℃, steam is in free molecular flow state, and the thermal resistance of the vapor-liquid interface can reach the order of 10^-4 (m²·K)/W. At higher temperatures, steam is in continuous flow state, and the thermal resistance of the vapor-liquid interface is only 10^-6~10^-5 (m²·K)/W. There may exist heat transfer thermal resistance caused by the oxide layer at the solid-liquid interface of the heat pipe, with the magnitude of 10^-4 (m²·K)/W. At low temperatures, this thermal resistance accounts for about 60% of the total radial heat transfer thermal resistance of the heat pipe, and it slightly increases with temperature. At 650 ℃, it can reach 80% of the total thermal resistance.

Isothermal compressed air energy storage (ICAES) technology does not require heat storage, and the system structure is simple and theoretically efficient, but it is very difficult to realize isothermal compression and expansion. The variation of air temperature can be effectively reduced by liquid spray technology, which makes the compression and expansion process closer to the isothermal process. Therefore, the thermodynamic model of an ICAES system based on liquid spray was developed, and the effect of liquid spray parameters on the thermodynamic properties of the system was calculated and analyzed. The results show that the variation of air temperature can be significantly reduced by the liquid spray technology, with the temperature variation during compression reduced from 49.58 K to 9.85 K, and the temperature variation during expansion reduced from 37 K to 12.03 K. The energy loss in the liquid piston is reduced from 14.32% to 4.43%, the cycle efficiency of the system is increased from 62.11% to 76.60%, and the energy storage density is increased from 1.857 MJ/m³ to 3.473 MJ/m³. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the optimization of the structure and parameters of the ICAES system.

To address the requirements of the new power system for the automatic generation control (AGC) regulation performance of cogeneration units,a fast load-changing control strategy integrating electro-thermal coordination and energy balance was proposed. First, the heating extraction regulation was adopted as the main control loop of the power generating load of the unit. Then, an electro-thermal load conversion signal was introduced into the steam turbine's main control system and the integrated response circuit of electro-thermal energy on the steam turbine side was designed. Finally, a precise energy balance control loop on the boiler side was designed. A simulation verification was conducted using 300 MW unit as an example. Results show that with the proposed coordinated control strategy, the initial load-change rate is increased to 5.3% of the rated load per minute, and the overall rate is raised to 2.6% of the rated load per minute. The AGC comprehensive performance indicators of the unit have been improved by 2.2 times compared to traditional coordinated control strategy. At the same time, the heat load deviation is less than 0.15%,ensuring the reliability of heating effectively.

In order to mitigate the bus voltage fluctuations in flywheel energy storage system during operational mode transition, an improved active disturbance rejection control strategy based on a cascade extended state observer was proposed. The conventional voltage-current loop control was integrated into a single voltage loop control, and the total disturbance experienced by the system during operational mode transition was introduced as a new state variable. A cascade extended state observer was designed to observe and compensate for the control quantity with the new state variable. By implementing real-time observation and compensation of the disturbance, the contradiction between the rapid response and overshoot characteristics of traditional PI control was mitigated. Results show that the proposed strategy significantly enhances the voltage regulation performance during various operational mode transitions compared with conventional active disturbance rejection control. The transition from test operation to charging phase and that from charging to discharging phase both achieve zero overshoot, with the adjustment time reduced by 34.7% and 68.4%, respectively.

One of the main factors causing unstable flow in the turbine cascade channel is the propagation of upstream blade unsteady wake. The unsteady wake advances the transition from unstable laminar flow to turbulent boundary layer on the surface of turbine blades, leading to an earlier transition. The influence of unsteady wakes on the surface heat transfer characteristics of turbine blades was predicted based on boundary layer transition theory. Firstly, the unsteady wake-induced time-averaged intermittency factor was introduced to correct the turbulence intermittency factor. Secondly, the phase-averaged turbulence intensity was used to predict the onset of transition induced by the unsteady wake. Finally, the turbulent viscosity coefficient generated by the unsteady wake was introduced to correct the effective viscosity coefficient in the laminar region of the blade. Results show that the computational method and improvement for the unsteady wake influence on turbine blade surface heat transfer characteristics have been well validated in relevant experimental systems, significantly improving the accuracy of heat transfer calculations under the unsteady wake influence.

In order to fully implement effect of the energy shifting of energy storage on the consumption of renewable energy, a combined operation optimization mathematical model of wind-solar-fossil fuel-storage system was investigated. The model was utilized to deal with the configuration and optimal scheduling of compressed air energy storage equipment in a circular economy industrial distinction in western China. Optimal storage capacity configuration and hourly operation strategy throughout the year were obtained. The annual operating cost, renewable energy absorption rate, as well as typical daily charging and discharging scheduling of energy storage under four different scenarios were analyzed. The results show that the collaborative participation of compressed air energy storage and effective guidance of environmental policy market can increase the renewable energy absorption rate by more than 6% and reduce the total annual operation cost by more than 2.6%.

In 2022, China's thermal power generation accounts for 58.4% of the total annual power generation, with more than 40% of thermal power units being cogeneration units. The proportion of renewable energy in China's power generation is gradually rising, and its volatility puts forward higher requirements for the flexibility of cogeneration units. At present, the flexible transformation technology mainly includes operation mode, system structure and equipment transformation. The transformation schemes and applications such as high and medium pressure bypass transformation, heat storage transformation, heat pump transformation and low pressure cylinder zero output scheme were analyzed. Results show that compared with the single transformation scheme, the combination of multiple flexible transformation schemes has higher overall energy efficiency and is easier to achieve deep peak shaving. In the follow-up, the operation strategy of combining multiple transformation schemes should be optimized, so as to improve the flexibility of thermal power units and achieve the dual goals of low-carbon and flexibility.

Ammonia combustion with circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology is expected to address the challenges of its low flame propagation speed and unstable combustion characteristics with high efficiency and low cost, thereby facilitating the utilization of carbon-neutral fuels derived from renewable sources. A comprehensive mathematical model for CFB-based ammonia combustion was developed, incorporating both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reactions of ammonia. The emission characteristics of an ammonia-fired CFB boiler, including ammonia slip and nitrogen oxide emissions, were analyzed alongside the impact of operating parameters such as bed temperature, excess air ratio, air staging, and fuel staging. Results show that directly employing the design and operational strategies of traditional coal-fired CFB boilers for ammonia combustion of CFB boilers results in relatively high levels of ammonia slip and nitrogen oxide emissions. However, suitable adjustment of operating parameters can markedly enhance emission characteristics.

To address the issue of strong heat-power coupling of the unit with low-pressure cylinder zero-output, and reduce the frequent switching of the unit between the extraction-condensation and zero-output modes, the operation mode of the unit integrated with the heat storage tank was proposed. With a 600 MW unit as the research object, the thermodynamic model of the unit with low-pressure cylinder zero-output was developed based on the Ebsilon software, and the heat storage tank was coupled in the model. The changes of the feasible heating domain, energy utilization efficiency and exergy efficiency of the unit in different operation modes were comparatively analyzed. Results show that the integration of the heat storage tank within the low-pressure cylinder zero-output unit can significantly broaden the heat-power feasible operation domain of the unit, and the maximum heat supply capacity is increased from the 799.28 MW to 1 016.35 MW. The deep peaking capacity of the unit is increased by 122.38 MW when the base heating load is supplied. The unit's energy utilization efficiency and exergy efficiency are positively correlated with the boiler load and the heat release power of the heat storage tank, whereas the heating power presents different influence laws on the energy utilization efficiency and exergy efficiency of the unit. The heat storage and release power of the heat storage tank has a greater influence on the energy utilization efficiency and exergy efficiency at lower boiler loads.

Experimental study was conducted on the concentration and evaporation characteristics of desulfurization wastewater in a high-humidity environment, based on a single droplet evaporation experimental platform and a counter-current spray low-temperature flue gas concentration device. The effect of gas humidity, gas velocity, and water quality on the evaporation characteristics of wastewater droplets were investigated. The morphology of the precipitated crystals and the characteristics of chlorine release, as well as the key process parameters affecting the low-temperature flue gas waste heat concentration process during wastewater concentration evaporation were studied. Results show that the low-temperature concentration and evaporation process of the single desulfurization wastewater droplet can be divided into three stages: contraction, expansion, and crystallization. As the humidity of the flue gas increases, the evaporation rate of droplets decreases, the wet-bulb temperature rises, and the final degree of crystallization decreases to some extent. The increase in gas velocity shortens the time of the droplet contraction phase, which is beneficial for accelerating the evaporation rate. The increase in solid content in the wastewater will increase the critical particle size when the droplet contracts to its smallest size, while the overall temperature of the droplet rises. Increasing the flue gas temperature, flow rate, and appropriately increasing the wastewater inlet flow rate are beneficial for improving concentration efficiency.

Concerning the problem of high-order large inertia and multiple disturbance in superheated steam temperature system, a linear active disturbance rejection control based on BP neural network assisted by lead compensation model was proposed. Based on second-order linear active disturbance rejection control, a feedforward compensator and a lead compensator were connected in series in the feedforward and feedback paths, respectively, to solve the problems of asynchrony of feedforward and feedback signals and delay of disturbance response in low order linear extended state observers. On this basis, according to the expression of closed-loop system transfer function, the steady-state system performance and the stable domain of closed-loop parameters were analyzed, the parameter adjustment interval was derived, the parameter tuning process was simplified, and BP neural network was further used to obtain the optimal bandwidth. Finally, the proposed control strategy was applied to superheated steam temperature control system and compared the performance with various controllers. Results show that the proposed control strategy has significant advantages in fixed value tracking, disturbance resistance, and robustness for high-order large inertia systems such as superheated steam temperature system.

An investigation was conducted on a 50 kW fluidized bed coal combustion experimental setup to study the effects of two liquid additives on low-temperature SNCR denitrification efficiency and N₂O emission characteristics at different temperatures and additive amounts. Results show that the SNCR denitrification efficiency reaches 35.6% at ammonia to nitrogen oxides molar ratio of 1.5, ethanol to ammonia molar ratio β of 0.8, and temperature of 700 ℃. Additionally, as the amount of ethanol added increases, the N₂O emissions gradually rise, reaching a maximum of 35×10^-6. Within the temperature range of 690 to 850 ℃, when the phenol to ammonia molar ratio α is controlled at 1.0, phenol exhibits the best promotional effect on SNCR denitrification efficiency, which is 38%±4%. The addition of phenol also leads to gradual increase in N₂O emissions.

In order to solve the problems of rolling bearing unbalance sample diagnosis, a diagnostic method integrating conditional generative adversarial networks with multi-scale attention mechanism convolutional neural networks was proposed. By using this method to fill the unbalanced samples, the best generated samples were screened through fractal box dimension. The multi-scale attention mechanism convolutional neural network was input to complete the fault feature extraction. Then it was compared with the original unbalanced data and the traditional sample filling methods. Results show that the method has a high recognition accuracy, can expand the small sample fault data, and solve the problem of bearing fault classification under the unbalanced data effectively.

In order to improve the utilization of renewable energy and carbon reuse, a low-carbon virtual power plant optimization scheduling model with multiple types of thermal power units and power-to-gas was proposed. With the goal of minimizing the economic operating costs in the virtual power plant, the carbon emissions and operating costs of the three different equipment combinations were compared, and finally the wind, solar, fire, biomass, waste incineration, gas boiler, cogeneration, and power-to-gas units were selected for joint operation. Results show that compared with plan 3, the carbon emissions under plan 1 and plan 2 have increased by 237.78% and 4.12%, and the costs have increased by 39.77% and 3.72%, respectively. The proposed operation plan not only achieves efficient utilization of renewable energy, but also reduces carbon dioxide emissions, realizing the utilization and storage of carbon dioxide.