Abstract: The gas storage cavern is a core component of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) system. To investigate the influence of key parameters on the thermodynamic behavior of the cavern, this paper establishes a thermodynamic dynamic simulation model of the gas storage cavern. Taking a 300MW CAES system as the research object, the effects of inlet gas flow rate, inlet gas temperature, cushion gas pressure, initial temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and wall heat transfer temperature on the dynamic characteristics of the temperature and pressure fields inside the cavern are analyzed. The results show that a higher gas injection flow rate leads to a faster temperature rise; under a flow rate of 1200kg/s, the temperature rises by 52K within 4.2h. Lowering the injection gas temperature can increase the stored gas mass and the energy release duration. A lower cushion gas pressure results in a larger temperature rise during energy storage and a greater temperature drop during energy release. A lower initial temperature leads to a more severe temperature rise during energy storage, with a temperature difference of 61K at 253.15K. A larger heat transfer coefficient causes a higher temperature rise during energy storage while yielding smoother temperature fluctuations during energy release. A higher wall heat transfer temperature shortens the energy storage duration and raises the final temperature during energy release. This study reveals the influence mechanisms of key parameters on the thermodynamic dynamic characteristics of the gas storage cavern, providing a theoretical basis for the optimal design, operational regulation, and thermal safety management of the cavern.