Abstract: The load responses and motion characteristics of floating vertical-axis wind turbines under extreme sea conditions are directly related to turbine safety assessment and engineering design. To address the insufficient understanding of the effects of shutdown orientation, a two-bladed H-type floating vertical-axis wind turbine is investigated. A fully coupled aerodynamic–hydrodynamic–mooring numerical model is established based on computational fluid dynamics, and the dynamic responses under the combined action of an extreme wind speed of 70 m/s and regular waves are comparatively analyzed for three typical shutdown orientations of 0°, 45°, and 90°. The results show that, among the three investigated shutdown orientations, the 0° orientation exhibits significantly increased mean aerodynamic thrust and wake velocity deficit, accompanied by enhanced platform surge and pitch responses. The 45° orientation intensifies the lateral loads, as well as platform sway, roll, and mooring tension fluctuations. In contrast, the 90° orientation produces the lowest overall aerodynamic loads and the fastest wake recovery, while platform motions and mooring tension fluctuations are relatively small. Within the ranges of the present wind–wave conditions, platform configuration, and mooring parameters, the 90° orientation exhibits the most favorable dynamic stability.