Abstract: Distributed energy systems (DES) based on renewable energy demonstrate significant potential in improving energy utilization efficiency, optimizing energy resource allocation, and facilitating the transition of energy structure. Based on the physical architecture of DES, systematic investigation was conducted on key technical layers, including the physical layer, forecasting layer, modeling layer, optimization layer, and evaluation layer. Core technologies such as source-load forecasting methods, modeling theories and approaches, and optimization and control strategies were critically discussed. The operational mechanisms and inherent laws of DES based on renewable energy were analyzed in depth. The currently faced main technical bottlenecks and research frontiers in the field were sorted out, aiming to provide theoretical support and forward-looking insights for fundamental theoretical research, engineering practical applications, and industrial development in DES-related sectors.